Question # 571: Does Islam believe Aliens exist? What about UFOs?

Assalamu ‘laikum warahmatullahi wabarakatuh,

All praise and thanks are due to Allah (سبحانه و تعالى), and peace and blessings be upon His Messenger (صلى الله عليه و سلم).

Dear questioner,

First of all, we implore Allah (سبحانه و تعالى) to help us serve His cause and render our work for His sake.

Shorter Answer: Astrobiology is the scientific field focused on the origins, evolution, distribution, and future of life in the universe. This field also raises questions about humanity’s place in the cosmos, with varying interpretations regarding science and faith. All the same, various scientific principles state that Earth does not occupy a privileged position in the universe.

On the other hand, from the Islamic perspective, Allah is the Creator of all life, which encompasses both physical and spiritual dimensions. The Qur’an implies infinite possibilities across various realms of existence. The earth and heavens are inhabited by multitudes of jinn and angels, suggesting a close relationship between the physical and metaphysical realms, and other Qur’anic verses offer an intriguing perspective on the possibility of life beyond Earth. Alongside, no doubt, humanity is the honorable pinnacle of Allah’s Creation. The Qur’an clearly establishes man as Allah’s vicegerent on earth, and therefore, the idea of human-like beings existing beyond Earth is unlikely.  In conclusion, Islam neither confirms nor denies the existence of extraterrestrial life.

Nevertheless, the Islamic perspective on knowledge and existence emphasizes that earthly life is not all-encompassing. Humans are not meant to know everything, as some information is withheld or beyond human capacity. The journey of life is about learning and discovery, leading to the Hereafter, where all will be revealed. The primary purpose of human existence is to worship Allah and live according to His will. It is crucial to recognize that this does not necessitate an obsession with extraterrestrial life, as such knowledge is not essential for fulfilling one’s earthly purpose. For believers, deeper exploration of the universe reveals more signs, leading to appreciating Allah’s majesty and the mysteries of His creation, personal growth, and enrichment, enhancing their role as Allah’s servants, finding meaning and beauty in exploration, aligning with the belief that understanding His creations brings one closer to Him. The non-believers, on the other hand, are fixated on the notion of extraterrestrial life as an escape from their own realities, seeking alternatives outside themselves. They often find that their deeper inquiries lead to confusion and disillusionment, fostering arrogance and misguided beliefs.

To sum up, while the pursuit of knowledge is indeed a duty for Muslims, Islamic teachings also emphasize the need for balance. The intent is not to advocate ignorance but rather to highlight that certain knowledge, particularly regarding extraterrestrial life, may not be essential for fulfilling one’s purpose on Earth. Allah has created humanity with specific responsibilities, and the focus should remain on worship and ethical living.

Long Answer: One aspect of modern civilization is its intense interest in the potential existence of extraterrestrial life (life beyond Earth), whether it be intelligent or not. Astrobiology is this scientific field that studies the origins, evolution, distribution, and future of life in the universe. It encompasses the search for extraterrestrial life and the conditions necessary for life to exist beyond Earth. The discipline integrates knowledge from various scientific fields, including biology, chemistry, geology, and astronomy, to explore fundamental questions about life in the cosmos. Astrobiology intersects with religion in the contemporary world by prompting profound questions about humanity’s place in the cosmos. Some see it as a chance to reconcile science and faith, while others view it as a challenge to traditional beliefs.

According to recent data from a Gallup poll conducted in 2021, 41% of Americans believe that some UFOs have been alien spacecraft visiting Earth from other planets or galaxies, 50% think all UFO sightings can be explained by human activity or natural phenomena, while 9% are unsure.[1] In 2021, NASA awarded its first grant for a SETI (Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence) project that goes beyond traditional radio signal searches. The grant provided $285,000 over two years for this research.[2]

Scientific Perspective 

  • Life as a cosmic accident: The idea that life emerged through a series of coincidences remains a prevalent scientific view.
  • Exoplanet (exoplanets) discoveries: As of 6 September 2024, there are confirmed 5,756 exoplanets, with thousands more candidates awaiting verification.[3]
  • Copernican Principle: This principle, stating that Earth does not occupy a privileged position in the universe, remains fundamental to modern cosmology.
  • Mediocrity Principle: This Principle assumes Earth and life are typical rather than exceptional. The Rare Earth hypothesis presents a compelling challenge to the Mediocrity Principle, suggesting that Earth and complex life may be far more exceptional in the universe than previously assumed.

Stephen Hawking encapsulated the above perspective by stating, “We are just an advanced breed of monkeys on a minor planet of a very average star.”[4]

Islamic Perspective

Allah is the Creator of all life, which encompasses both physical and spiritual dimensions as mentioned in the Qur’an: “Allah is the Creator of all things, and He is, over all things, Disposer of affairs.” (Soorah Az-Zumar, 39:62). This life consists of two parts: the temporary world we inhabit and the everlasting Hereafter.

Allah created humanity and conveyed the truth through His messengers and sacred revelations. The primary purpose of human existence is to worship Allah and to live according to His will and commands, as mentioned in the Qur’an: “And I did not create the jinn and mankind except to worship Me.” (Soorah Adh-Dhariyat, 51:56) By doing so, individuals are guided and instructed in various aspects necessary for fulfilling their existential purpose. They also uncover additional elements that add meaning and fulfillment to their lives.

This worldly life is not the entirety of existence. Consequently, people cannot and should not possess complete knowledge of everything. Some information is withheld from them because it is not essential for their earthly missions, while other knowledge is beyond human capacity, and some reasons remain known only to Allah (swt), the Creator and Sustainer of life. Allah says in the Qur’an: “And mankind have not been given of knowledge except a little.” (Soorah Al-Isra, 17:85) Jabir (رضي الله عنه) reported: The Messenger of Allah (صلى الله عليه و سلم) said, “Ask Allah for beneficial knowledge and seek refuge in Allah from knowledge without benefit.” (Sunan Ibn Majah; graded hasan according to Al-Albani)

The journey of individuals on earth is one of learning and discovery. Ultimately, this journey will lead to the Hereafter, where all mysteries will be unveiled, and understanding will be complete and clear. Success in this world does not require knowing everything; rather, it involves progressing and moving forward. True success and comprehensive knowledge await in the Hereafter.

Thus, the core values of Islamic ethics regarding exploration and learning are faith, patience, contentment, and practicality. Knowledge should be aligned with the truth and serve it faithfully.

Knowledge about extraterrestrial life

Regarding extraterrestrial life, Islam does not provide definitive answers. It neither confirms nor denies its existence. However, this ambiguity should not prompt people to rush into seeking answers. The lack of a clear stance is not an invitation to explore but rather a test, indicating that such knowledge is not essential. Understanding or ignorance of extraterrestrial life does not significantly impact one’s earthly purpose or cause harm.

Life is precious and should be focused on more immediate and important matters. Recklessly pursuing the topic of extraterrestrial life could lead to intellectual and spiritual pitfalls. Nevertheless, if any aspect of extraterrestrial life becomes relevant to pressing concerns, it can be addressed with the guidance and wisdom provided by Islam. Whether extraterrestrial life exists or not, Islam remains indifferent. Life’s journey continues, ultimately leading to Paradise (Jannah) or Hell (Jahannam). People must learn to differentiate between what is truly important and what is not. Islam discourages becoming overly fixated on matters that do not deserve such attention, just as it opposes ignoring things that require genuine interest and passion. Life is about setting priorities correctly. The idea of extraterrestrial life is not a religious issue. Discussing it moderately or choosing not to engage in the topic has little impact on one’s spiritual standing.

While the topic of extraterrestrial life cannot be entirely dismissed, it should be approached with caution and consideration of the following points:

  • Allah as “Lord of the worlds”: The Qur’anic verse “Lord of the worlds” (Soorah al-Fatihah, 1:2) suggests boundless possibilities. While traditionally interpreted to encompass humanity, angels, jinn, and all known existence, only Allah truly knows the full extent of His creation. As the supreme Creator, Allah’s actions are beyond questioning: “He is not questioned about what He does, but they will be questioned” (Soorah al-Anbiya’, 21:23)
  • Allah’s Unknown Creations: The Qur’an states that Allah creates “what you do not know” (al-Nahl, 16:8), implying infinite possibilities across various realms of existence. This ambiguity extends to both worldly and spiritual domains. However, it’s crucial to adhere to the teachings of the Qur’an and authentic Sunnah without unnecessarily seeking additional knowledge. If certain information were vital, it would have been clearly revealed. Relying too heavily on scientific explanations may be counterproductive, as many astrobiological and astrophysical concepts remain uncertain. This approach might only increase doubt. Instead, we should acknowledge that complete knowledge and power belong solely to Allah. As the angels proclaimed: “Exalted are You; we have no knowledge except what You have taught us. Indeed, it is You who is the Knowing, the Wise” (Soorah al-Baqarah, 2:32). This statement emphasizes the limitations of human knowledge and the supremacy of Allah’s wisdom.
  • The Jinn and Angels: Both the earth and heavens are inhabited by multitudes of jinn and angels, suggesting a close relationship between the physical and metaphysical realms. A hadith describes the heavens as being so crowded with angels in prostration that there is barely any space left. It was narrated from Abu Dharr (رضي الله عنه) that the Messenger of Allah (صلى الله عليه و سلم) said: “I see what you do not see, and I hear what you do not hear. The heaven is creaking, and it should creak, for there is no space in it the width of four fingers, but there is an angel there, prostrating to Allah. By Allah, if you knew what I know, you would laugh little and weep much, and you would never enjoy women in your beds, and you would go out in the streets, beseeching Allah.’” (Sunan Ibn Majah; graded hasan) This illustrates the vast number of unseen beings in existence.

The Qur’an also mentions that meteors (shooting stars) are used to prevent the jinn from eavesdropping on angelic communications across the seven heavens. Allah says in the Qur’an: “Indeed, We have adorned the lowest heaven with the stars for decoration” “and [for] protection from every rebellious devil.” “They cannot listen to the highest assembly [of angels] for they are pelted from every side,” “[fiercely] driven away. And they will suffer an everlasting torment.” “But whoever manages to stealthily eavesdrop is [instantly] pursued by a piercing flare.” (Soorah as-Saffat, 37:6-10)

  • Seven Earths: The Qur’an states that “Allah is the One Who created seven heavens [in layers], and likewise for the earth.” (Soorah at-Talaq, 65:12), which is supported by several authentic ahadith. Qur’anic commentators have different interpretations of this concept: Most believe these are seven layered earths, separated by distances comparable to that between heaven and earth. A less popular view suggests seven layered earths without gaps. The least accepted interpretation proposes that “seven earths” refers to seven continents or regions. Ibn Kathir criticizes the continental interpretation as implausible and contradictory to the Qur’an and hadith. However, scholars generally advise against excessive speculation on this topic, as it’s only briefly mentioned in Islamic sources.

It’s important to note that revelation is the only reliable source for this knowledge, and there must be wisdom behind the limited information provided. If more details were beneficial for humanity, Allah would have revealed them.

  • Dispersing Creatures across the Heavens and the Earth: The Qur’anic verse “And of his signs is the creation of the heavens and earth and what He has dispersed throughout them of creatures. And He, for gathering them when He wills, is competent” (Soorah Ash-Shuraa, 42:29) offers an intriguing perspective on the possibility of life beyond Earth. The key term in this verse is “creatures” (dabbah), which has been interpreted in various ways: 

Some Qur’anic commentators limit the meaning of “dabbah” to physical, living, and crawling creatures (animals). They argue that although both heavens and earth are mentioned, the term “dabbah” applies only to Earth through a linguistic device called particularization. This interpretation suggests that Allah dispersed creatures (physical life forms) only throughout the Earth and its atmosphere.

[This is supported by the view that the term “dabbah” used in the Qur’an, does not encompass angels. This distinction is evident in the following verses:

    1. In Soorah An-Nahl (16:49), it states: “To Allah prostrates whatever is in the heavens and whatever is on the earth of living creatures (dabbah), as well as the angels; and they do not act arrogantly.” Here, Allah differentiates between all living creatures, referred to as “dabbah,” and the angels by using the phrase “as well as.” This indicates that angels are not included within the category of “dabbah.”
    2. Another verse reinforces that “dabbah” pertains exclusively to physical creatures, excluding both angels and jinn. Soorah An-Nur (24:45) asserts: “Allah created every ‘dabbah‘ (living creature) from water.” Since angels are not composed of water and jinn are created from fire, it follows that “dabbah” refers solely to beings made of physical matter.

If we consider humans and other creatures on Earth as “dabbah,” this raises the question of what “dabbah” might refer to in other parts of the universe, as suggested in Soorah Ash-Shuraa (42:29). This verse implies that there may be other physical creatures similar to humans existing elsewhere in the universe; however, only Allah possesses complete knowledge of this matter.]

Many scholars offer a broader interpretation, where, according to them, “dabbah” includes all living and moving beings – both physical and non-physical. This encompasses humans, angels, and jinn. This broader understanding does not confine any particular life form to either Earth or the seven heavens, suggesting that various forms of life could potentially exist anywhere. This more inclusive interpretation leaves open the possibility of extraterrestrial life, aligning with the verse’s mention of creatures dispersed throughout both the heavens and the earth. It suggests that Allah’s creation may be more diverse and widespread than we currently understand while emphasizing His power to gather all creatures when He wills.

Humanity: The Honorable Pinnacle of Allah’s Creation

The Qur’an clearly establishes man as Allah’s vicegerent on earth, representing the pinnacle of His creation. The man was created last after the heavens and earth were formed. Man’s physical and spiritual being embodies the purpose and creativity of the entire universe, serving as a microcosm of the macrocosm [(i.e., humans reflect the larger universe in miniature form)]. Allah made all creation subservient to man, as stated in the Qur’an: “Do you not see that Allah has made subject to you whatever is in the heavens and whatever is in the earth and amply bestowed upon you His favors, (both) apparent and unapparent? But of the people is he who disputes about Allah without knowledge or guidance or an enlightening Book (from Him)” (Soorah Luqman, 31:20). The verse strongly concludes that the understanding of these concepts can only be achieved through the knowledge that has been disclosed. It is beyond the capability of humans to grasp it independently. This is not something that can be comprehended through rational thinking.

The Qur’an further emphasizes man’s honored status: “And We have certainly honored the children of Adam and carried them on land and sea and provided for them of the good things and preferred them over much of what We have created, with (definite) preference” (Soorah al-Isra’, 17:70). As a sign of this honor, angels were commanded to prostrate to Adam, and even Shaytaan acknowledged Allah’s favor towards man. The primary cause of Shaytaan‘s rebellion was his vow to annihilate Adam and his descendants. Consequently, demeaning and disgracing humanity became Shaytaan‘s purpose for existence. According to Shaytaan, there is no method of destroying humanity that is more gratifying. All these elements indicate that the existence of intelligent alien beings and civilizations that could match or surpass the significance and impact of humanity is unlikely.

The idea of human-like beings existing beyond Earth is equally unlikely. Allah explicitly mentioned that He would establish His vicegerent on Earth as He mentions, “˹Remember˺ when your Lord said to the angels, “I am going to place a successive [human] authority on earth.” They asked [Allah], “Will You place in it someone who will spread corruption there and shed blood while we glorify Your praises and proclaim Your holiness?” Allah responded, “I know what you do not know.” (Soorah al-Baqarah, 2:30). The use of the definite article “the” before “earth” refers specifically to our current planet, which was well-known to all listeners, both then and now (and Allah knows best).

Generally, the creation of the heavens and the earth is linked to the creation of humanity, with their existence serving the purpose of human life. The eventual collapse and destruction of the heavens and the earth will coincide with the end of humanity and its responsibilities on Earth. Ultimately, on the Day of Judgment, both the heavens and the earth will be recreated to facilitate the resurrection of individuals, their judgment, and their eternal residence. As the Qur’an states: “On the day when the earth shall be changed into a different earth, and the heavens (as well), and they shall come forth before Allah, the One, the Supreme” (Soorah Ibrahim, 14:48).

Perspectives on Existence: The Divergence of Believers and Non-Believers

The vastness and intricacy of the universe serve as the backdrop for human existence. Within this expanse lie numerous signs that invite exploration, which, alongside divine revelations, guide individuals in enriching their lives. Unlike non-believers, believers approach the universe not merely in search of truth but to deepen their understanding of reality and enhance their roles as servants of Allah. Their exploration is driven by a desire to amplify their experiences rather than to seek validation. For believers, deeper exploration reveals more signs, leading to personal growth and enrichment. As they uncover these meanings, the universe transforms into a boundless source of significance and beauty. Their guiding principle is encapsulated in the prayer: “Those who remember Allah while standing, sitting, and lying on their sides, and reflect on the creation of the heavens and the earth, “Our Lord! You have not created [all of] this without purpose. Glory be to You! Protect us from the torment of the Fire.” (Soorah Al-‘Imran, 191).

In contrast, non-believers often find that their deeper inquiries lead to confusion and disillusionment. As they learn more, they paradoxically realize how little they truly know, resulting in a sense of emptiness and despair. For them, the universe becomes a reservoir of futility and negativity, fostering arrogance that spirals out of control. This mindset positions science and education as tools wielded by malevolent forces, becoming significant sources of misinformation and misguided beliefs.

The rationale behind various derogatory beliefs about humanity and existence—such as life being an accident or humans being mere descendants of monkeys—can only be understood through this lens. Such claims stem not from ignorance but from a misapplication of scientific progress. Non-scientific ignorance does not typically give rise to these affronts; rather, it is when extraordinary scientific advancements occur that individuals may lose their moral compass.

Non-believers fixate on the notion of extraterrestrial life as an escape from their own realities, seeking alternatives outside themselves. They believe that perhaps the truth lies beyond our planet. Moreover, the environmental degradation caused by human actions suggests that life on Earth may not be sustainable in the long term. This prompts a search for alternatives that would allow irresponsible behaviors to persist indefinitely. Ultimately, there is a pervasive disregard for both Earth and the cosmos; self-interest prevails over stewardship.

Conversely, believers recognize Earth as their sole home, necessitating responsible thought and action. They view the heavens as potential neighbors; if other beings exist, they wish to connect with them; if not, it changes nothing. Knowledge or ignorance about extraterrestrial life should not overshadow human responsibilities. The focus must remain on terrestrial life and well-being. Each moment brings individuals closer to either Paradise or Hell. Ultimately, people’s destinies are shaped by their actions here on Earth rather than by any extraterrestrial influences. Their fates lie firmly within their own control and environment. The truth resides within our earthly existence.

(Most part of the above reply is based on the article “Islam on Extraterrestrial Life” provided by IslamiCity.org)

Allahu A’lam (Allah (سبحانه و تعالى) knows best) and all Perfections belong to Allah, and all mistakes belong to me alone. May Allah (سبحانه و تعالى) forgive me, Ameen.

Wassalaam

[1] Saad, B. L. (2023, January 24). Larger minority in U.S. says some UFOs are alien spacecraft. Gallup.com. https://web.archive.org/web/20230523014539/https://news.gallup.com/poll/353420/larger-minority-says-ufos-alien-spacecraft.aspx

[2] Strauss, M. (2020, August 20). Not just radio messages: NASA expands the search for extraterrestrial cultures. Smithsonian Magazine. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/air-space-magazine/signs-civilization-180975614/

[3] Exoplanet and candidate statistics. (n.d.). https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/docs/counts_detail.html

[4] Today, J. O. U. (2018, March 14). Stephen Hawking’s memorable quotes: “We are just an advanced breed of monkeys.” USA TODAY. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2018/03/14/stephen-hawking-quotations/423145002/